Wireless services gateway

ABSTRACT

A system for integrating wireless service providers&#39; core networks with Wi-Fi radios using a Wireless Services Gateway (WSG). The WSG can allow wireless device users to seamlessly connect to a network such as the internet using both cellular phone antennae as well as Wi-Fi radio antennae while still utilizing their preferred wireless service provider&#39;s core network system of billing, authenticating and policy decision making. This system can allow for data transmission of wireless devices through Wi-Fi instead of through cellular antennae, thus increasing bandwidth and data transmission rates.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED CASES

This application claims priority from and is related to internationalPCT application PCT/US13/27701 filed 25 Feb. 2013 which claims priorityfrom U.S. provisional application 61/603,198 filed 24 Feb. 2012, whichare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present subject matter generally relates to the integration of Wi-Fiand cellular technology. More specifically, the subject matter relatesto allowing mobile users to utilize both systems to manage synchronousand asynchronous data connections.

BACKGROUND

Current wireless devices use much greater amounts of bandwidth than thecellular telephone infrastructure can handle efficiently. And althoughWi-Fi technology allows for greater bandwidth, the radios are not wellintegrated into existing cellular telecommunications core.

SUMMARY

What is disclosed includes a system for integrating access point radiosinto a wireless service provider core network. The system may include awireless services gateway configured to, communicate with at least oneaccess point radio. Wherein the access point radio is configured tocommunicate with at least one wireless user equipment, communicate withat least one wireless service provider core network, communicate with atleast one other wireless services gateway, access a distributed storagedevice that the at least one other wireless services gateway also hasaccess to, and provide a communication connection between the at leastone access point radio and a network. Optionally, the network is theinternet.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the wireless services gateway isfurther configured to allow the wireless user equipment to move amongmore than one access point radio and maintain the network connection.And the wireless services gateway could be further configured to allowthe wireless user equipment to move among more than one access pointradio and cellular antennae and maintain the network connection.Further, in some embodiments, the wireless services gateway is furtherconfigured to replace the at least one other wireless services gatewayif the at least one other wireless services gateway fails.

In certain embodiments, the wireless services gateway includes a datalog interface, configured to, communicate with the at least one accesspoint radio data log interface, communicate with a local log, andcommunicate with an event handler.

Optionally, in some examples, the wireless services gateway includes acommunication service module, configured to, communicate with an AccessPoint Configuration Manager in the at least one access point radio,communicate with an Access Point Status Manager in the at least oneaccess point radio, communicate with an Association Manager in the atleast one access point radio, and communicate with a Distributed MemoryCore and the distributed storage device.

Further, in some embodiments, the wireless services gateway includes aTunnel Termination Gateway (TTG), Packet Data Gateway (PDG),Authentication/Authorization/Accounting (AAA) Proxy and a Simple NetworkManagement Protocol (SNMP). And in some embodiments, the TTG, PDG, AAAProxy and SNMP are all configured to communicate with the distributedstorage device.

In certain example embodiments disclosed here, the wireless servicesgateway includes a Secure Gateway, wherein the secure gateway isconfigured to communicate with the distributed storage device and atleast one access point radio. Additionally, for example, the wirelessservices gateway could include a femtocell gateway, wherein thefemtocell gateway is configured to communicate with a femtocell accesspoint radio.

In some examples, the wireless user equipment is at least one of asmartphone, a tablet computer, and a laptop computer. Additionally, theaccess point radio could be at least one of a Wi-Fi access point and afemtocell access point.

Certain example embodiments disclosed here include a method forintegrating access point radios into a wireless service provider corenetwork. This method could include, via a wireless services gateway,communicating with at least one access point radio, wherein the accesspoint radio is configured to communicate with at least one wireless userequipment, communicating with at least one wireless service providercore network, communicating with at least one other wireless servicesgateway, accessing a distributed storage device that the at least oneother wireless services gateway also has access to, and providing acommunication connection between the at least one access point radio anda network.

In certain examples, the network is the internet. Further, in someexamples, the method includes via the wireless services gateway,allowing the wireless user equipment to move among more than one accesspoint radio and maintain the network connection.

Some example embodiments have the method including replacing the atleast one other wireless services gateway if the at least one otherwireless services gateway fails. Also via a data log interface, includedin the wireless services gateway, communicating with the at least oneaccess point radio data log interface, communicating with a local log,and communicating with an event handler.

Some embodiments include where the wireless services gateway includes afemtocell gateway, and the femtocell gateway is configured tocommunicate with a femtocell access point radio. Additional examplesinclude wherein the wireless user equipment is at least one of asmartphone, a tablet computer, and a laptop computer.

Some embodiments include a method of establishing a data pathcomprising, via a wireless services gateway, receiving authenticationprotocol from a user equipment via an access point radio, communicatingwith a server, receiving authentication approval from the server,sending authentication approval to the wireless user equipment, via theaccess point radio, receiving at least one data transmissioncommunications from the user equipment via the access point radio,wherein at least one of the data transmissions is a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP)message requesting an Internet Protocol(IP) address, requesting a session from a Data Service Gateway, for theuser equipment, receiving a message regarding an IP address assigned tothe user equipment, from the Data Service Gateway, and sending a messageregarding the assigned IP address to the user equipment, via the accesspoint radio.

Examples also include where the server is a home server which is atleast one of a home location registry server and a home subscriberserver. Also, the method may include where the session requested fromthe Data Service Gateway is at least one of, a Gateway General PacketRadio Service (GPRS) Support Node (GGSN), Packet Data Network Gateway(PGW), mobile IP Foreign Agent and a Home Agent. Additionally, themethod may include where the Data Service Gateway is part of a wirelessservice provider core network.

Examples disclosed here also include where the method has the messageregarding the IP address assigned to the user equipment from the DataService Gateway is at least one of a create Packet Data Protocol (PDP)context response and a mobile IP registration response. Further exampleshave the message regarding the assigned IP address to the user equipmentfurther includes the wireless services gateway IP address and thewireless services gateway subnet mask.

Some examples include establishing a tunnel, via the wireless servicesgateway, between the wireless services gateway and the data servicegateway. Some examples also have where the tunnel is at least one of aGPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP), Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), andIP-IP tunnel.

In some examples, the access point radio is at least one of a Wi-Fiaccess point and a femtocell access point. Also the server could be is aradius server. And if so, the radius server could be in communicationwith a home server. Also, the home server could be at least one of ahome location registry server and a home subscriber server.

Some example embodiments here also include a system for establishing adata path. This system could include a wireless services gateway,configured to, receive authentication protocol from a user equipment viaan access point radio, communicate with a server, receive authenticationapproval from the server, send authentication approval to the wirelessuser equipment, via the access point radio, receive at least one datatransmission communications from the user equipment via the access pointradio, wherein at least one of the data transmissions is a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP)message requesting an Internet Protocol(IP) address, request a session from a Data Service Gateway, for theuser equipment, receive a message regarding an IP address assigned tothe user equipment, from the Data Service Gateway, and send a messageregarding the assigned IP address to the user equipment, via the accesspoint radio.

This system could also include where the server is a home server whichis at least one of a home location registry server and a home subscriberserver. Also, the session requested could be from the Data ServiceGateway is at least one of, a Gateway General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) Support Node (GGSN), Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW), mobile IPForeign Agent and a Home Agent.

Additionally, this system could include wherein the Data Service Gatewayis part of a wireless service provider core network. Also, the messageregarding the IP address assigned to the user equipment from the DataService Gateway could be at least one of a create Packet Data Protocol(PDP) context response and a mobile IP registration response.

Further, some examples include where the message regarding the assignedIP address to the user equipment further includes the wireless servicesgateway IP address and the wireless services gateway subnet mask.Examples embodiments may also deal with establishing a tunnel, via thewireless services gateway, between the wireless services gateway and thedata service gateway.

Certain example embodiments include the tunnel that could be at leastone of a GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP), Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol(L2TP), and IP-IP tunnel. Also, the access point radio could be at leastone of a Wi-Fi access point and a femtocell access point. And, in someexamples systems, the server is a radius server.

Some examples include in the system, the radius server which is incommunication with a home server. Also, wherein the home server is atleast one of a home location registry server and a home subscriberserver.

Some example embodiments include a method of establishing a data path.This method could comprise, via a wireless services gateway, receivingauthentication protocol from a user equipment via an access point radio,communicating with a home server, receiving authentication approval fromthe home server, sending authentication approval to the wireless userequipment, via the access point radio, sending a query to a policyserver, regarding the policy rules for the authenticated wireless userequipment, receiving policy rules for the authenticated wireless userequipment, receiving at least one data transmission communications fromthe user equipment via the access point radio, wherein at least one ofthe data transmissions is a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)message requesting an Internet Protocol (IP) address, requesting asession from a Data Service Gateway, for the user equipment, receiving amessage regarding an IP address assigned to the user equipment, from theData Service Gateway, sending a message regarding the assigned IPaddress to the user equipment, via the access point radio, routing datatransmissions from the wireless user equipment, via the access pointradios, using the policy rules from the policy server.

Some example embodiments also include wherein the policy server is aPolicy Control Rule Function (PCRF) server. Also, this method couldinclude wherein the access point radio is at least one of a Wi-Fi accesspoint and a femtocell access point.

Certain example embodiments disclosed here include a system forestablishing a data path comprising, a wireless services gateway,configured to, receive authentication protocol from a user equipment viaan access point radio, communicate with a home server, receiveauthentication approval from the home server, send authenticationapproval to the wireless user equipment, via the access point radio,send a query to a policy server, regarding the policy rules for theauthenticated wireless user equipment, receive policy rules for theauthenticated wireless user equipment, receive at least one datatransmission communications from the user equipment via the access pointradio, wherein at least one of the data transmissions is a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) message requesting an Internet Protocol(IP) address, request a session from a Data Service Gateway, for theuser equipment, receive a message regarding an IP address assigned tothe user equipment, from the Data Service Gateway, send a messageregarding the assigned IP address to the user equipment, via the accesspoint radio, route data transmissions from the wireless user equipment,via the access point radios, using the policy rules from the policyserver.

Further, this example system could include where the policy server is aPolicy Control Rule Function (PCRF) server. Also, the system accesspoint radio could be at least one of a Wi-Fi access point and afemtocell access point.

Some example embodiments disclosed here also include a system forproviding network access to wireless user equipment comprising, awireless services gateway including at least a realm-aware radius proxyand a services gateway, the wireless services gateway configured to,communicate with at least one access point radio, wherein the at leastone access point radio is configured to communicate with the at leastone wireless user equipment, communicate with a wireless serviceprovider core network, communicate with a wide area network, receivedata communication requests from the wireless user equipment via the atleast one access point radio, determine the wireless user equipmentrouting based on information other than SSID, and route the data trafficfrom the wireless user equipment, based on the determination.

Examples also include systems where the wide area network is theinternet. Examples may also include where the determination of thewireless user equipment is based on AAA requests received by thewireless services gateway via the realm aware radius proxy.

Further, the system access point radio could be at least one of a Wi-Fiaccess point and a femtocell access point. And the system wireless userequipment could be at least one of a smartphone, a tablet computer and alaptop computer.

Some example embodiments include a method of providing network access towireless user equipment comprising, via a wireless services gatewayincluding at least a realm-aware radius proxy and a services gateway,communicating with at least one access point radio, wherein the at leastone access point radio is configured to communicate with the at leastone wireless user equipment, communicating with a wireless serviceprovider core network, communicating with a wide area network, receivingdata communication requests from the wireless user equipment via the atleast one access point radio, determining the wireless user equipmentrouting based on information other than SSID, and routing the datatraffic from the wireless user equipment, based on the determination.

Further, examples include wherein the wide area network is the internet.Some examples have features wherein the determination of the wirelessuser equipment is based on AAA requests received by the wirelessservices gateway via the realm aware radius proxy.

Also, some examples have the access point radio is at least one of aWi-Fi access point and a femtocell access point. And this method couldinclude wireless user equipment that is at least one of a smartphone, atablet computer and a laptop computer.

Certain example embodiments here include a system for routing datacommunications, comprising, a wireless services gateway configured to,communicate with at least one access point radio, communicate with atleast one wireless service provider core network, communicate with atleast one wide area network, receive data traffic from a wireless userequipment, via the at least one access point radio, and route the datatraffic, received from the wireless user equipment via the access pointradio, to the at least one wide area network via a breakout.

Example embodiments of this system may include the breakout which is atleast one of, an AP breakout between the access point radio and thewireless services gateway, a breakout at the wireless services gateway,a breakout between the wireless services gateway and the at least onewireless service provider core network, and a breakout after thewireless service provider core network.

Some embodiments of this system include the data traffic includingService Set Identification (SSID). In these examples, the wirelessservices gateway could further be configured to determine the datatraffic routing based on the SSID.

In some examples of this system the access point radio is at least oneof a Wi-Fi access point and a femtocell access point. In some, thewireless services gateway is further configured to communicate with theaccess point radio regarding the policy to use the AP breakout.

Certain embodiment examples include a method for routing datacommunications, comprising, via a wireless services gateway,communicating with at least one access point radio, communicating withat least one wireless service provider core network, communicating withat least one wide area network, receiving data traffic from a wirelessuser equipment, via the at least one access point radio, and routing thedata traffic, received from the wireless user equipment via the accesspoint radio, to the at least one wide area network via a breakout.

In some embodiments of this method, the breakout is at least one of, anAP breakout between the access point radio and the wireless servicesgateway, a breakout at the wireless services gateway, a breakout betweenthe wireless services gateway and the at least one wireless serviceprovider core network, and a breakout after the wireless serviceprovider core network.

Some examples of this method include the data traffic as Service SetIdentification (SSID). Also, example embodiments include via thewireless services gateway, determining the data traffic routing based onthe SSID. And, via the wireless services gateway, communicating with theaccess point radio regarding the policy to use the AP breakout.

Embodiments disclosed herein may include a method of providing access toa wireless service provider core network, comprising, via a wirelessservices gateway, communicating with a Wi-Fi access point, allowing awireless user equipment, communicating via the Wi-Fi access point, toacquire an Internet Protocol (IP) address from a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) server regardless of Wi-Fi authentication,allowing the user equipment to browse a web page via an Hyper TextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) request by redirecting the HTTP request to aweb portal server in the wireless core network for authentication,obtaining authentication information from the web portal serverregarding the user equipment, and forwarding the authenticationinformation to a Authentication/Authorization/Accounting (AAA) server inthe wireless core network for authentication.

Some example embodiments include a system for providing access to awireless service provider core network, comprising, a wireless servicesgateway, configured to, communicate with a Wi-Fi access point, allow awireless user equipment, communicating via the Wi-Fi access point, toacquire an Internet Protocol (IP) address from a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) server regardless of Wi-Fi authentication,allow the user equipment to browse a web page via an Hyper Text TransferProtocol (HTTP) request by redirecting the HTTP request to a web portalserver in the wireless core network for authentication, obtainauthentication information from the web portal server regarding the userequipment, and forward the authentication information to aAuthentication/Authorization/Accounting (AAA) server in the wirelesscore network for authentication.

Some example embodiments here include a system for authenticating awireless user equipment with a wireless service provider core network,comprising, a wireless services gateway configured to, communicate withat least one Access Point (AP), the AP configured to communicate with atleast one wireless user equipment, receive Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol (DHCP) messages from the wireless user equipment, provide afirst Internet Protocol (IP) address to the wireless user equipment viastandard DHCP protocol, allow the wireless user equipment toauthenticate itself with an intended web page server, establish aconnection between the wireless user equipment and a Data ServiceGateway, in order to acquire a second IP address for the wireless userequipment, maintain the connection between the wireless user equipmentIP address from DHCP and the address assigned by the Data ServiceGateway, receive a packet from the wireless user equipment, change thesource of the IP address assigned by the Data Service Gateway,encapsulate the received packet in at least one of a GTP, IPIP, and GRETunnel, send the encapsulated packet to the Data Service Gateway,receive a packet from the Data Service Gateway, decapsulate the receivedpacket, replace the destination IP of the decapsulated packet with thefirst assigned IP address, send the decapsulated IP packet to thewireless user equipment.

Some examples of this system include the Data Service Gateway which canbe at least one of a Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) SupportNode (GGSN), a Packet Data Gateway (PGW) and a Home Agent from thewireless service provider core network.

Certain example embodiments herein include a method of authenticating awireless user equipment with a wireless service provider core network,comprising, via a wireless services gateway, communicating with at leastone Access Point (AP), the AP configured to communicate with at leastone wireless user equipment, receiving Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol (DHCP) messages from the wireless user equipment, providing afirst Internet Protocol (IP) address to the wireless user equipment viastandard DHCP protocol, allowing the wireless user equipment toauthenticate itself with an intended web page server, establishing aconnection between the wireless user equipment and a Data ServiceGateway, in order to acquire a second IP address for the wireless userequipment, maintaining the connection between the wireless userequipment IP address from DHCP and the address assigned by the DataService Gateway, receiving a packet from the wireless user equipment,changing the source of the IP address assigned by the Data ServiceGateway, encapsulating the received packet in at least one of a GTP,IPIP, and GRE Tunnel, sending the encapsulated packet to the DataService Gateway, receiving a packet from the Data Service Gateway,decapsulating the received packet, replacing the destination IP of thedecapsulated packet with the first assigned IP address, sending thedecapsulated IP packet to the wireless user equipment.

In some embodiments, this method may include the Data Service Gateway asat least one of a Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) SupportNode (GGSN), a Packet Data Gateway (PGW) and a Home Agent from thewireless service provider core network.

Embodiments here also include a system for authenticating a wirelessuser equipment with a wireless service provider core network,comprising, a wireless services gateway configured to, communicate withat least one Access Point, the Access Point configured to communicatewith at least one wireless user equipment, receive a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) request from the wireless user equipment,assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to the wireless user equipment,wherein the IP address is from a pre-allocated IP address that isroutable at least one of a GGSN, PGW, and Home Agent in the wirelessservice provider core network, send the assigned IP address to thewireless user equipment via a DHCP offer/acknowledge message, allow thewireless user equipment to access the internet via a redirectedcommunication link to a Web Portal Server in the wireless servicesprovider core network, allow the wireless user equipment to authenticatewith an Authentication server in the wireless services provider corenetwork, wherein if authentication occurs, establish a tunnel with aData Service Gateway by informing the Data Service Gateway of theassigned IP, receive a packet from the wireless user equipment,encapsulate the packet and send the packet to the Data Service Gateway,without changing the wireless user equipment IP address receive a packetfrom the Data Service Gateway, and decapsulate the packet and send thepacket to the wireless user equipment without changing the wireless userequipment IP address.

Optionally, the system disclosed includes the Data Service Gateway as atleast one of a Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node(GGSN), a Data Service Gateway and a Home Agent from the wirelessservice provider core network. Further, the wireless services gatewaycould be further configured to, if authentication does not occur, revokethe wireless user equipment DHCP offer/acknowledge message. And the DHCPoffer/acknowledge message may be a DHCP lease.

Some examples here include a method of authenticating a wireless userequipment with a wireless service provider core network, comprising, viaa wireless services gateway, communicating with at least one AccessPoint, the Access Point configured to communicate with at least onewireless user equipment, receiving a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) request from the wireless user equipment, assigning an InternetProtocol (IP) address to the wireless user equipment, wherein the IPaddress is from a pre-allocated IP address that is routable at least oneof a GGSN, PGW, and Home Agent in the wireless service provider corenetwork, sending the assigned IP address to the wireless user equipmentvia a DHCP offer/acknowledge message, allowing the wireless userequipment to access the internet via a redirected communication link toa Web Portal Server in the wireless services provider core network,allowing the wireless user equipment to authenticate with anAuthentication server in the wireless services provider core network,wherein if authentication occurs, establish a tunnel with a Data ServiceGateway by informing the Data Service Gateway of the assigned IP,receiving a packet from the wireless user equipment, encapsulating thepacket and send the packet to the Data Service Gateway, without changingthe wireless user equipment IP address, receiving a packet from the DataService Gateway, and decapsulating the packet and send the packet to thewireless user equipment without changing the wireless user equipment IPaddress.

In some examples with this method, the Data Service Gateway is at leastone of a Gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node(GGSN), a Data Service Gateway and a Home Agent from the wirelessservice provider core network. Also, examples may also include via thewireless services gateway, wherein if authentication does not occur,revoking the wireless user equipment DHCP offer/acknowledge message, andwherein the DHCP offer/acknowledge message is a DHCP lease.

Certain embodiments include a system for providing network access towireless user equipment comprising, a wireless services gateway, thewireless services gateway including at least two cores, the at least twocores configured to process at least one flow of data traffic, thewireless services gateway configured to, receive the at least one flowand process the flow according to a table of data, communicate with atleast one access point radio, wherein the at least one access pointradio is configured to communicate with the at least one wireless userequipment, communicate with a wireless service provider core network,communicate with a wide area network, receive data communicationrequests from the wireless user equipment via the at least one accesspoint radio, and route the flow of data traffic from the wireless userequipment, based on the table of data.

Certain embodiments include a method of providing network access towireless user equipment comprising, via a wireless services gateway, thewireless services gateway including at least two cores, the at least twocores configured to process at least one flow of data traffic, receivingthe at least one flow and process the flow according to a table of data,communicating with at least one access point radio, wherein the at leastone access point radio is configured to communicate with the at leastone wireless user equipment, communicating with a wireless serviceprovider core network, communicating with a wide area network, receivingdata communication requests from the wireless user equipment via the atleast one access point radio, and routing the flow of data traffic fromthe wireless user equipment, based on the table of data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the technology described in thisapplication, reference should be made to the Description below, inconjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numeralsrefer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of Mobile/Wi-Fi Network Services, the radioantennae interface between the mobile device and the telecommunicationscore network, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a Network Overview, an illustration of deployment of thewireless system gateway in different physical environments, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of the use of overall system for a networkoperator providing services for multiple Mobile Virtual NetworkOperators utilizing 802.11u/ANQP capabilities, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of the Wireless Services Gateway Boxcomponents, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of the Wireless Services Gateway Boxcomponents, the interface between the access points and the WirelessServices Gateway node, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of one embodiment of System Level Integrationoverview, how the Wireless Services Gateway connects the mobile device,through the access point including the telecom core network and internetbreakouts where Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Proxyis utilized to support integration with a telecommunications corenetwork, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is an alternative embodiment of FIG. 6 where the WSG connects toa telecommunications core network directly instead of utilizing a AAAProxy, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a system diagram of one embodiment of Integration, the steps1-5 illustrating the operation of the Wireless Services Gateway systemaccording to some embodiments, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 is an alternate embodiment of FIG. 8 except authentication doesnot go directly to the HLR server but through a RADUIS Server Proxy,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 is an alternate embodiment of FIG. 8 except the WirelessServices Gateway communicates with a policy server for the authenticatedUE, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 11 is an illustration of an example authentication using NetworkAddress Translation, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of an example authentication without usingNetwork Address Translation, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 13 is an illustration of use of the overall system, one embodimentof the Wireless Services Gateway's placement within the architecture ofthe carrier's network, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 14 is an illustration of the Data Plane of the Wireless ServicesGateway (WSG), according to some embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates Detailed Packet Handling in WSG Data Plane,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 16 is an illustration of the WSG to Access Point and WSG to WSGInteractions, the distributed database architecture coupled to theaccess point architecture, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 17 is an illustration of an example using multiple core processorsaccording to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the Figures and descriptions of the presenttechnology have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevantto understand the technology, while eliminating, for the purpose ofclarity, many other elements found in communication systems and methods.Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elementsand/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the presenttechnology. However, because such elements and steps are well known inthe art, a discussion of such elements and steps is not provided here.This disclosure is however, directed to all such variations andmodifications to such elements and methods known to those skilled in theart.

OVERVIEW

Wireless device users demand high data transmission rates, largebandwidth and good service. The existing cellular antennaeinfrastructure may have trouble sufficiently handling this demand by thedata users. The existing cellular infrastructure was created to handlevoice calls and little data. Using the current cell antennaeinfrastructure for high amounts of data traffic may result in lowbandwidth, poor connectivity, and low data transmission rates.

Wi-Fi antennae can be utilized to handle the higher demand for datatransmissions. (“Wi-Fi” is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and thebrand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.)Wi-Fi radios are much better equipped to handle large amounts of datatransmissions than cellular radios, although their range can be shorterthan cellular radio ranges.

And Wi-Fi is an option because many wireless User Equipment (UE) can useboth: longer range cellular telephone radios as well as shorter rangeWi-Fi radios through integrated transceivers: cellular antenna as wellas Wi-Fi antenna. Such example UEs can be any number of devicesincluding, for example, smart phones, laptops, tablet computers,automobiles equipped with integrated communication devices, or anyequipment that communicates wirelessly.

But in the current deployment of Wi-Fi, each Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) islocally tied to a proprietary network located, for example in a home,office or small entity network such as a corner coffee shop. The resultis that these smaller networked Wi-Fi APs connect to their ownproprietary networks requiring individual authentication, payment andbilling systems run by the individual proprietary network owner andoperator. Further, these proprietary networks prohibit transitionbetween APs as the UE moves. They also prohibit transitions between andamong short-range radio networks and cellular networks.

One example solution is to widely deploy Wi-Fi Access Points (APs) atstrategic locations to collectively reach hundreds or thousands of usersat a time. Through this Wi-Fi deployment, the demand for high volumedata is better handled than through the cellular infrastructure. ThoseWi-Fi APs could be linked into the overall cellular core network alreadyprovided by numerous companies as wireless service providers.

Thus, the Wi-Fi APs, incorporated with the existing cellular corenetwork authentication, could more effectively work with the cellularcore networks. The existing wireless services provider(s) core networkpolicies and billing systems could be integrated work with locallydeployed Wi-Fi APs. Such a system could create an integratedinfrastructure which could allow seamless roaming between Wi-Fi andexisting cellular antenna all while being serviced and billed by any andall of the existing UEs wireless service providers, such as AT&T,Verizon or Vodafone.

A Wireless Services Gateway (WSG) according to embodiments describedbelow can provide examples ways to integrate cellular and Wi-Fi systems.And by using such an integrated system, an example subscriber to acellular phone provider, such as AT&T, could use a UE to access theinternet and send and receive data over both existing cell towerantennae or locally deployed Wi-Fi antenna. For example, as the UEphysically moves, the example system could hand off the UE's among Wi-FiAPs and cellular tower antennae, and back and forth as the UE movesthrough respective radio coverage and comes within communication rangeof different transceivers. Additionally, for example, the UE couldselect use to Wi-Fi for data transmissions. The result of that, could bea decrease on the burden of data transmissions over cellular towerantennae and increased data transmission performance by the UEs byswitching to Wi-Fi, and the end UE user could still be billed by theusers' subscribed service provider.

Further, the individual Wi-Fi APs need not be completely owned by oneservice provider, but could be owned by a third party that allows accessto one or more service providers' core networks, or any combinationthereof. Thus, one Wi-Fi AP could service multiple companies' customers,and tie into each of their own core networks. Or, service providerscould share APs or even arrange roaming type agreements to service oneanother's customers with their own APs.

FIG. 1 Overview System Diagram

FIG. 1 depicts an example high-level diagram of how an overall systemcan be structured including a UE interfacing with multiple types ofantennae resources, Wi-Fi, Femtocell and cellular, for example, andtheir interaction with the WSG and the associated core network(s),according to some embodiments. These portions of the system will bedescribed in greater detail below, as will the interfaces between theportions and some exemplary alternate embodiments of them.

FIG. 1 shows, at a high level, how the UE 112 can communicate with manydifferent kinds of antennae. In this non-limiting example, the UE iscommunicating with an example Wi-Fi AP 105 using Wi-Fi protocol 110,such as 802.11 standard, as well as cellular towers 104 using cellularprotocol 107 and Femtocell antennae via femtocell protocol 130. Here, UE112 can be any number of devices that communicate wirelessly such as acell phone, a smart cell phone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer,automobile equipped with transceivers, or any other number of wirelessdevices. In some embodiments, the traffic coming into the WSG need onlybe IP traffic from a UE and the particular path to the WSG is notimportant. For example, the US could be wired to the network.

For example, when a UE 112, is in use, it may utilize both voice anddata transmissions. But cellular antennae, 104 are better configured tohandle telephone calls, not data transmissions. Thus, when multiple UEsare utilizing a cellular antennae 104, the system may overload and slowservice. This type of overloading and slow service is how many existingUEs 112 access the internet 102, through the cellular antennae 104 andthe existing cellular core network 106.

However, Wi-Fi antennae, such as the AP 105 may be better at handlinglarge data transmissions then cellular towers. And this example Wi-Fi AP105 can be integrated via a Wireless Services Gateway, WSG 122 with anexisting cellular core network 106 and also the internet 102. This corenetwork 106 can contain certain billing, authentication, and policyprotocols to handle the subscribers' UEs 112 through existing wirelessservice systems. The WSG 122 can also connect the UEs 112 with theinternet 102. By use of the WSG, the user can utilize both Wi-Fi APs andcellular antennae while maintaining a subscription plan with just onewireless services provider.

It should also be noted that in in some embodiments, the WSG 122 is ableto connect with and coordinate with more than one core wireless servicesprovider networks 106. Shown as an illustrative example only, are threedifferent 3G/EPS Cores 106. Thus, in this example, the system can,handle UEs who subscribe to more than one wireless services provider,such as AT&T and Verizon and Vodafone. In this way, more than onenetwork operator, or Multiple Network Operators (MNO) may be handled.The system could utilize different associated SSIDs to direct the dataand control paths to the various MNO cores. Although three 3G/EPS Coresare shown, the number could be less or more than three.

The APs can broadcast an SSID or “Service Set Identifier” thatidentifies an ESS or “Extended Service Set.” The BSSID or “Basic ServiceSet Identification” is a MAC address associated with the AP. The 802.11standard is Wi-Fi but the system and methods associated describedherewith could support any kind of future radio functionality. SSIDs andMNOs are discussed in greater detail below.

For illustration purposes, as in this example, the core is styled as a3G/EPS Core 106 but could be any cellular core network, even consideringfuture networks such as 4G, LTE, or future networks. These types ofnetworks can also be referred to more generically as mobile packetcores, which may be broader than just cellular systems.

As another example embodiment, a femtocell antenna, 124, is shown. Here,the femtocell antennae 124, can either communicate directly to the WSG122 as shown in communication line 126, or to a local Wi-Fi AP 105,shown on communication line 128. This communication line can be hardwired, such as an Ethernet connection, or via a wireless connection backhaul. The femtocell 124 and the Wi-Fi AP 105 could be provided as anintegrated unit.

Thus, FIG. 1 depicts an example integration of an existing cellular corenetwork 106 with Wi-Fi APs 105 through the WSG over transmissionconnections 116 and 118. Communication path 116 shows an example dataflow from the cellular core network 106 to the WSG 122 and communicationconnection 118 is the data flow from the WSG 122 to the cellular corenetwork 106 and their associated radio antennae. This architecture canallow the UE 112 to utilize any depicted antennae, the cellular 104, theWi-Fi AP 105 or the femtocell antennae 124, or any combination thereof,and can still be properly handled by the wireless service providers toprovide service to the internet 102 or voice calls and also bill thecustomer, handle policies and service. In some embodiments, either orboth of the communications path 118 and 126, can have intermediary nodesor elements (for example, nodes acting relays in a mesh topology).

Integration with Multiple Network Operators

FIG. 1 also depicts embodiments illustrating the Wireless ServicesGateway's 122 of a Service Provider (SP) handling of multiple MobileNetwork Operators (MNOs), according to some embodiments. In this exampleembodiment, many different UEs that each subscribe to different MNOssuch as AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone or Orange, all utilize the Wi-Finetworks integrated with the WSG 122 to the appropriate MNO's corenetwork.

An MNO may be different than a Service Provider in a situation where athird entity administers the infrastructure of a network and leases useof that infrastructure to service providers. Or, an MNO could be thesame as a Service Provider if one entity accomplishes both theinfrastructure administration and the service as well.

Each UE can use an SSID to communicate with an AP. Associated with thatSSID can be information about which wireless service provider, MobileNetwork Operator, that particular UE is configured to use.Alternatively, an SSID can be associated with a particular MNO. In afurther alternative, an SSID in combination with other information (suchas user identity, device information (e.g., a device MAC address)) canbe used to identify the particular MNO to which the UE is subscribed.

Through the Wi-Fi AP, and through any type of communication network, theWSG 122 may be contacted. The SSID can inform the WSG 122 as to whichMNO the particular UE is configured to use and the WSG 122 can thenroute the transmissions appropriately, through to the appropriate MNOcore network. Additionally, any number of MNOs could be utilized, eachover their own communication path respectively.

Alternatively, MNOs can establish roaming contracts with one anotherwhere UEs utilize the APs of MNOs to which they are not subscribed buttheir service provider has an agreement. Thus, the UEs can have coveragein more areas, freeing the MNOs to scale back the number of actual andphysical APs, just as they do with cellular tower antennae.

Another embodiment of such a setup could include the SSID of aparticular business or venue, such as a Retailer Partner. In thisembodiment, an SP wants to utilize a physical business or RetailerPartner location in which to place an AP. The Retailer Partner SSID, forexample, can be deployed as an additional SSID that can provideadvertisements for the Retailer Partner. The SP can utilize the same APto advertise other SSIDs for the SP's own subscribers.

FIG. 2 Deployment of APs

Focusing now on AP deployment, FIG. 2 is an illustration of an exampledeployment of the system in various physical environments, according tosome embodiments. As depicted in FIG. 2, multiple Wi-Fi APs 205 may bescattered throughout different indoor and outdoor locations. They may betied to one another and a router 208 by both land lines 210 and/orwireless connections 212. The router 208 may be in communication withthe Wireless Services Gateway (WSG) 222 which may integrate the Wi-Fiinfrastructure with an existing wireless services provider core network206, here depicted as an example as 3G or 4G core, discussed in moredetail later in this disclosure. The WSG may also connect the Wi-Fiinfrastructure with the internet 202. The WSG 222 can be similar to theWSG 122.

A user using this system in FIG. 2 could connect a UE through any of thevarious APs 205 to access the internet 202 through their existingwireless subscriber through their core network 206. As the user movedbetween APs 205, the UE would be handed off to the different APsseamlessly, both indoors and/or outdoors.

Using Wi-Fi Back Haul to Support a Core Cellular Network Front End

An alternate embodiment of the system depicted in FIG. 2 would be toutilize Wi-Fi back haul to support a proprietary cellular network frontend. For instance, current systems utilize the core cellular networkcommunications back haul to support a front end Wi-Fi connection. But inthe embodiment described herein, that arrangement is reversed. Instead,the back haul could be Wi-Fi connections and the front end userconnection could be cellular antennae or actual Wi-Fi APs. Thus, asshown in FIG. 2, the wireless backhaul 212 could be Wi-Fi all the wayback to the router, but the front end APs could be either Wi-Fi APs orcellular antennae (not shown). The cellular antennae can communicatewith a user device and then the communications can be converted to Wi-Fitraffic for transmission back to the router (one example of this is afemtocell). Any combination of Wi-Fi back haul and core cellular networkback haul could be utilized.

FIG. 3 Single SSID Usage

Focusing now on how a WSG system routes data traffic, one exampleembodiment is shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, instead of multipleSSIDs used by multiple wireless service providers, one SSID is used byall UEs 312. Each AP could broadcast each individual SSID that itservices in order to find UEs for that particular SSID and associatedservice providers. However, this approach may use excessive computingresources. Instead, in this example embodiment, the AP can broadcast oneSSID for all service providers. Although FIG. 3 might imply that the UE312 can simultaneous reach all service provider networks, this is forsimplicity and logical description of the embodiments. For example, theservice provider coverage areas 304 a, 304 b, and 304 c can bephysically separated by long distances and the UE 312 may only be withina single coverage area at a given time. One example of the use of asingle SSID that could support multiple service provides could be given,for example, in 802.11u and/or HotSpot 2.0 standard.

With only one SSID used, (for example when a UE 312 supports a singleSSID functionality, who is a subscriber of service provider 304 b, candetect the single SSID functionality support in the SSID of serviceprovider 304 a. UE 312 can use an ANQP protocol to query if its serviceprovider is supported by the SSID. When UE 312 receives confirmationthat its service provider 304 b is reachable via this SSID, it canperform regular authentication using a credential from service provider304 b. WSG 322 can use a Realm-aware AAA service component 324 to routean authentication request to service provider 304 b.

The Realm Aware Radius Proxy 324 can direct AAA requests to the properOperator Home Network 304 a or 304 b using the realm information, suchas that derived from the user name field, in the AAA requests. Thisrealm-based decision can be applied to directing UE traffic to theapplicable Operator Home Network 304 a or 304 b.

In one instance, AP 314 is broadcasting SSID of service provider 304 a,and AP 315 is broadcasting SSID of service provider 304 b. When UE 312detects the SSID of 304 b, which is its home network, UE 312authenticates to the WSG 322 without performing ANQP query 326.

FIG. 4 More Detail of the WSG

Focusing now on the WSG itself, FIG. 4 is an example illustration of aWSG 422, which can provide capabilities to control, manage and maintaina network consisting of one or more WSG nodes, as well as Wi-Fi accesspoints, according to some embodiments. Through the WSG, in this way, theWi-Fi APs can provide a front end to the existing cellular network core.Multiple WSGs working together can be called a cluster.

An EMS/NMS Application module 472, can contain subsystems tocollectively provide Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance,Security (FCAPS) management capabilities in an Element and Networkmanagement system.

A Controller module 476, can contain subsystems that provide variouscontroller activities such as AP/Client association managements, Tunnelmanagement, Mesh management, Radio Frequency (RF) management, AAAintegration, Roaming handlers, to help control and/or manage the Wi-Fiaccess points.

A Report/Graphing Engine 470 can be responsible for visualizations andillustrations of the information collected by the WSG node 422 regardingthe various aspects of the network elements and resources such as theWi-Fi access points.

A Web UI module 474 can be responsible for providing web user interfacesfor an example end user to access and control the WSG network.

A Scheduler/Batch Services module 478, can be responsible forscheduling, and execution of various tasks in WSG node 422, such asstatistics collection, data aggregation, AP discovery/association.

A Cluster Configurer module 482, can be responsible for theconfiguration of a WSG node 422 that is related to the management of themembership of the WSG node in a WSG cluster.

A Cluster Monitor module 480 in the WSG node 422 can be responsible forthe detection of the health status of the WSG nodes 422 in a WSGcluster. It can communicate with peer modules 480 of other WSG nodes 422as well as detect errors of the WSG nodes 422, and can perform errorresolution as well as notification of the failures to other modules inthe WSG system, which might further trigger fail over, take backoperations for fault tolerance capabilities in the WSG.

Further shown in the WSG 422 are additional embodiment features such asa Femtocell Gateway FGW 490. The FGW 490 could be used if a femtocell AP401 is part of the example network, and integrated into the wirelessservice provider core network. Also depicted as an additional embodimentis a Secure Gateway SeGW 492. A SeGW 492 could be used to establish anIP/Sec Tunnel (not pictured) with an AP of any type. The SeGW 492 andFGW 490 are configured to communicate with a Packet Data Network Gateway(PGW) in a femtocell AP 401.

WSG Interfaces with Wireless Service Providers Core Network

Continuing with FIG. 4 also shows an illustration of the WirelessServices Gateway's 422 interactions with a core wireless serviceprovider's core networks 406.

The example wireless service provider core network 406 is depicted—alongwith the interfaces that the core itself can have with the WSG 422. Forinstance, a WSG 422 including Tunnel Termination Gateway (TTG) 416function, a Packet Data Gateway PDG 418 function, a AAA Proxy 424function and an SNMP 426 function. The TTG 416 is depicted incommunication with a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN/P-GW) 412 and fromthere, the internet 402. The PDG 418 is depicted interfacing directlywith the internet 402 as well. Although one PDG, AAA Proxy and TTG areshown, there could be multiple instances of each.

Three representative core network components are shown as well, a AAAserver 404, Policy Controller (PCRF) 406 and Home Location Registry(HLR) 408. These core network components are depicted in the wirelessservice provider's core 406.

FIG. 5 WSG Interfaces with APs

Focusing now on the interface between the Wi-Fi APs 505 and the exampleWSG 522, is FIG. 5. Here an example interface between the access points505 and the Wireless Services Gateway node 522 are shown with one Wi-Fiaccess point 505, but more than one AP could be similarly arranged.Here, this example AP 505, has various interfaces to the WSG 522,according to some embodiments. For instance, a Data Log Interface isdepicted on the access point side as 552, which interfaces with thecorresponding Data Log Interface 540 on the WSG side over communicationpath 562. Corresponding filters for the Data Log Interface are depictedas 553 on the access point side and 541 in the WSG 522.

The module 522, illustrates one example WSG node, which can be within anexample WSG cluster, which can be responsible for providing persistenceservice, controller services, as well as an example Element ManagementSystem/Network Management System (EMS/NMS) services to the networkelements including Wi-Fi access points 505 in this figure.

A Distributed Storage Device 532 can provide persistence services forany modules in the WSG node 522, as well as the Wi-Fi access point 505.It represents one instance of a database node, which can participate ina cluster of multiple nodes, to form a virtual big data store for theoverall system. In this way, WSG clusters can provide redundancy andfail-safe options, by using distributed storage device 532.

A Distributed Memory Cache 534 may serve as a transient storage ofinformation for the Wi-Fi access points 505, as well as a front endcache for the persistence information in the Distributed Storage Device532, to improve performance of data access.

A Communication Service Module 544, may provide various interfaces tothe Wi-Fi access points 505, and may internally make use of theDistributed Memory Cache 534, as well as the Distributed Storage Device532 to provide the services. It can be responsible for somecommunications to and from the Wi-Fi access point 505, for example, andcan participate in activities such as discovery, association, healthstatus, configurations, performance statistics, and data collections,for example.

Messages related to configuration information 564 of the access point505 can be handled by the Communication Service Module 544 in the WSGNode 522. A corresponding configuration manager module in the Wi-Fiaccess point 505, the AP Config Mgr 556, may periodically check for theavailability of any new configuration information, such that it canfetch and update its own configuration upon any detected changes.

Messages 566 can be communicated from the access point 505, to theCommunication Service Module 544, to report the access point 505 ownhealth status. These communications can take place over any number ofexample communication lines or paths including hardwired or wireless.

Further depicted are example are messages 568 which can be exchangedbetween the access point 505, and the Communication Service Module 544,for completing the initial discovery and association of the access point505 with the WSG Node 522.

An AP Config Mgr 556 in the access point 505 is also shown, which can beresponsible for managing the life cycles of the configurationinformation in the access point, including, but not limited to, thesynchronization of the information with the WSG Node 522, periodicallychecking for updates, as well as retrieving, applying and makingeffective the latest revision of the configuration information in theaccess point 505. The AP Config Mgr 556 may also communicate with theWSG 522 for a full or partial list of other WSG nodes available in thecluster.

Also depicted is an Association Mgr 560 in the access point 505, whichmay be responsible for handling the association activities between theaccess point and its associated WSG node 522. Upon startup, theAssociation Manager 560 can consult a module 554 to get, for example, alist of WSG nodes 522 in the cluster that are valid for it tocommunicate with, and attempt to register itself into the overall WSGsystem. Upon successful association, the Association Mgr 560 may triggera download of various information such as the certificates forauthentication and future encryption of communication traffic with theWSG node 522, as well as software/firmware and configuration informationfrom the WSG node 522.

An AP Status Manager 558 in the access point 505 can be responsible forreporting the status of the access point to the WSG system, through anyWSG Node 522 in the cluster. The module 554 in the access point 505 canmaintain a list, for example, of the WSG nodes 522 that are valid forthe access point to communicate with.

The Data Log Interface module 540 in the WSG node 522 can serve the datalog requests from the corresponding Data Log Interface module 552 in theaccess point 505. It can work with Filters 541 to determine how tohandle incoming messages, where some of them can be directed towards aLocal Log module 542 for simple logging operations, while others can bedirected to an Event Handler 536 for further manipulation andprocessing, which potentially could transform into other internalpersistent messages such as event, and alarms in the Distributed StorageDevice 532.

Certain filers in the Filters 541 can be applied to incoming Data Logmessages handled by the Data Log Interface Module 540, can determine thesubset of messages to be further processed by the Event Handler 536.

The Local Log module 542 can make data log messages forwarded by theData Log Interface module 540 become persistent, which can be furtherutilized to analyze the network activity.

Messages 562 from the Data Log Interface module 552 in the access point505, to the Data Log Interface module 540 in the WSG node 522, maycontain various information regarding the Wi-Fi access point 505 itself,as well as information regarding the access point help reported onbehalf of the status of the network or the UEs that it is helping toserve.

The Data Log Interface module 552 in the access point 505, can sendreport event messages to the corresponding Data Log Interface module 540in the WSG node 522. It can work with a Filter 553 to determine, forexample, what messages can be forward to the WSG node 522.

The Filters 553 can include filters used by the Data Log Interfacemodule 552 in the access point 505, that can determine, for example, thesubset of messages that shall be forward to the WSG node to reportvarious status information of the access point 505.

FIG. 6 First Alternate Embodiment Authentication Example: WSG as Proxy

Example embodiments will now be described utilizing different corenetwork arrangements and architectures, in order to provide service tothe UE end user device. An entire system overview, from APs to the WSGto an example core network, for example, can be seen in FIG. 6 which isan example illustration of one way the WSG 622 connects the mobiledevice 612, through the core network of the cellular core network 606.Here, the UE 612 can communicate over a set of encrypted transmissions,for example, Advanced Encryption Standardization (AES) 624 through theAP 605 with the WSG 622 according to some embodiments. And in thisexample embodiment, the WSG can act as a Proxy Server for the APs 605.

The cellular core network 606 may contain numerous servers that are usedto handle the UE's transmissions, prioritize them, bill them, andauthenticate them.

The AP 605 may be connected by connection 637 to the WSG 622. In someembodiment, communications between the AP 605 and the WSG 622 can bemade using a secure IPSec Tunnel 638. It is through WSG 622 that thecellular core network 606 can be linked to the Wi-Fi AP 605.

As depicted in FIG. 6, the WSG 622 can directly communicate to a OSS/NMSNetwork Management Systems server 613 over a connection 654 and anAuthentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Proxy server 616 overa connection 656. The AAA Proxy server 616 can communicate with theAuthentication server, such as a Home Location Registry (HLR) 614, and aPCRF Policy server 618. The use of the AAA Proxy server 616 can shieldthe core network servers from direct connection with the WSG 622 and isone way wireless service providers can communicate with third parties.Although shown in a single server AAA Proxy server 616 can beimplemented as one or more servers. The embodiments described showsimple integration of WSG 622 and AP 624 with one or more of the mobilepacket core elements, including but limited to, HLR 614, PCRF 618, andan OCS/OFCS/CGF Billing and Charging server 620.

The PCRF Policy server 618 can communicate directly with theOCS/OFCS/CGF Billing and Charging server 620 via link a 659. In thisembodiment a Data Service Gateway 626 can be in direct communicationwith both the OCS/OFCS/CGF Billing and Charging server 620 and the PCRFPolicy server 618 via links 660 and 658 respectively.

The PCRF Policy server, 618 may dictate, for example, how UE'stransmissions are handled and, for example pass that information to theWSG 622. For instance, depending on the call, or the type of traffic,the PCRF Policy server 618 can direct the WSG 6222 to utilize a localbreakout 636 to the internet 602 from the AP 605, this can be used, forexample, when it is not desired that the WSG process the packet.Alternatively, or in addition to, the WSG 622 could utilize its ownlocal breakout 641 to the internet 602 depending on the policyinformation received from the PCRF Policy server 618. The UE'stransmissions can be routed through a tunnel 639 to the Data ServiceGateway 626 and there to the internet 602 over communication 640. Thetunnel 639 can be a GTP tunnel, for example.

The embodiments described can permit a user to be authenticated, billedand the particular policies associated with the account can bereferenced and executed, via connection with the AP 605 instead ofthrough a cellular tower antenna infrastructure. Here, the WSG 622 caninteract with the various servers in cellular core network, for example,using AAA Proxy server 616.

FIG. 7 WSG as Radius Server

In some embodiments, the WSG can communicate directly with one or moreservers in the cellular core network without connecting through a proxyserver. For example, FIG. 7 illustrating another way the WSG 722 canconnect the UE 712, with the cellular core network 706. In theseembodiments, for example, the WSG 722 can communicate directly with oneor more authentication servers without having to go through a AAA Proxy.In particular, WSG 722 can communicate directly with OSS/NetworkManagement Services 713, HLR 714, PCRF 718 and Charging Gateway Function(CGF) 720 via communication paths 742, 744, 750 and 752 respectively.

FIG. 8 Timeline: Embodiment with WSG as Radius Server

The disclosure will now step through various examples of how anexemplary connection may be made using various embodiments disclosedherein. Thus, FIG. 8 is a system diagram of example steps 1-8illustrating the operation of the WSG system according to someembodiments.

In this embodiment, UE 812, communicates with the AP 805. This Accesspoint can use protocol 824 which can be authentication protocol802.1X/EAP over Wi-Fi link, for example, although other authenticationprotocols could be used. (e.g. Pre-Shared Key (PSK))

Step 1 is labeled 874 and shows a RADIUS/EAP Authentication Request thatcan be used between UE 812 and the WSG 822 via AP 805.

Step 2 is labeled 888 a and shows the WSG 822 communicating with a HomeLocation Registry (HLR) server or a Home Subscriber Server (HSS), 808.The HLR, used for 3G technology or HSS, used for 4G/LTE technology wouldboth normally be part of the cellular core network and authenticates theUE as being a subscriber to a particular service. These couldgenerically be referred to as any kind of authentication server forfuture technologies.

Step 3 is labeled 888 b and can return the authentication informationfrom the authentication server 808 back to the WSG 822.

Step 4, 882 is the communication of the WSG 822 to the UE 702, usingprotocol 824, that it has been authenticated and may begin sending andreceiving data.

Step 5, 876 can be a data transmission to the WSG 822, from the UE 812,after authentication, specifically, communication 876 can denote DynamicHost Configuration Protocol (DHCP) messages from UE requesting an IPaddress.

Step 6, communication 8772, denotes a “create session request” toacquire an IP address from Data Service Gateway, 826, for the UE. Forexample, this request can also be called “create PDP context request,”or “mobile IP registration request.” The Data Service Gateway, 826 canalso be a part of the internet service provider's cellular core network.It can be, for example, a GGSN, P-GW (PDN-GW or Packet Data NetworkGateway), mobile IP Foreign Agent, (FA), or Home Agent (HA).

Step 7, communication 880, denotes a “create session response” includingthe IP address assigned to UE 812, from Data Service Gateway, 826. Forexample, this response can also be called “create PDP context response,”or “mobile IP registration response.”

Step 8, communication 878, denotes DHCP messages from WSG 822, which cancontain the IP address of the UE, 812 provided by the Data ServiceGateway 826.

Data Service Gateway 826 as a GGSN can provide the IP address used by UE812 but may not include a default gateway IP address and subnet mask aspart of the GTP Packet Data Protocol (PDP) create PDP context response.Typically, a GGSN does not provide a default gateway since it normallycontemplates direction connections to it. However, in Step 8, a UE needsto know the default gateway's IP address and subnet mask in order todetermine an appropriate destination Media Access Control (MAC) addressfor outgoing IP traffic from the UE 812. In particular, if a DHCPmessage is used in Step 8, the WSG can include both a default gateway IPaddress and subnet mask along with the assigned IP address, where bothof them may not be provided from the communications over 872 and 880. Atleast two mechanisms can address this issue in the context of supportingthe integration with Data Service Gateway 826.

First, use the UE's IP address assigned by Data Service Gateway 826 canbe used as the default gateway IP address; and mask length of 32 can beused for IPv4 addresses and 128 for IPv6 address.

Or, second, the WSG 822 can form a subnet mask based on the assigned IPaddress and choose an unused address in the subnet as the defaultgateway. In one embodiment, if UE's assigned IP address, represented ina 32-bit string of 0 and 1 s string ends with 01: the WSG can use thesame prefix but a suffix of 10 as the default gateway's IP address, andcan use a mask length of 30 for IPv4 addresses, and 126 for IPv6addresses. If UE's assigned IP address, ends with 10: the WSG 822 canuse the same prefix but a suffix of 01 as the gateway's IP address, anduse a mask length of 30 for IPv4 addresses, and 126 for IPv6 addresses.If a UE's assigned IP address ends with 00 or 11: the WSG 822 can usethe same prefix but use a suffix of 01 as the gateway IP address. Themask length (29 or greater for IPv4) will be set to form the smallestsubnet encompassing both the UE's IP address and the generated defaultgateway IP address.

Once a UE 812 is associated with the AP, the UE's DHCP request can beintercepted by the AP or WSG, and the IP address allocated by GTP-C canbe returned back to UE as a DHCP response.

A tunnel 839 may be established to the Data Service Gateway 826 and fromthere, to the internet 802. For example, tunnel 839 could utilize GTP,L2TP, IP-IP or any standard tunneling protocol utilized by Data ServiceGateway 826.

The WSG 822 can support the features of a TTG as a “Proxy GSN,” totransport UE 8702 traffic. The WSG 822 can support one or more of thefollowing network elements: including IP addressing, AAA, Billing, QoSenforcement, etc.

The WSG 822 can be connected to both a Gn, via 839, and a Gi/Wiinterface between 826 and 802, or directly to the internet via 887 forUE traffic.

In embodiments described herein, the UE 812, may not need to be aware ofthe existence of core network elements (for example, 3G16 networkelements), and can be managed by the WSG via either Open or 802.1Xauthentications, and can support DHCP for address allocation, gatewayand DNS settings.

FIG. 9 Embodiments with WSG as Proxy

FIG. 9 is a variation example of FIG. 8, a system diagram of the stepsillustrating the operation of the WSG system according to someembodiments.

FIG. 9 shows the operation of a Radius server, 904 as a proxy for theHLR 908. This is used when cellular phone carriers do not want thirdparties communicating directly with their HLR. These proxies stand inbetween the WSG, 922 for example, and the HLR 908, here.

FIG. 10 Third Authentication Alternate Embodiment: WSG with IntegratedPCRF

FIG. 10 is another example of a system-level diagram of the stepsillustrating operation of the WSG according to some embodiments wherepolicy control functionality can be integrated into the WSG. FIG. 10includes communication with a Policy Server 1013 to query policy rulesfor an authenticated UE 1012. These policy rules can be available to theAP 1005 and the WSG 1022 to use for controlling UE 1012 data traffic.This alternate embodiment could be used with either system where the WSGacts as a Proxy server for the APs 605 or as a Radius server without theuse of a Proxy server.

For example, in 3G technology, a Policy Server 1013 may be a PolicyControl Rule Function (PCRF server). It could be another policy serverto be used with future technologies. Policy rules may be for example,specific to that particular UE's subscription or user level agreementwith the provider. For instance, the policy server 1013 may containinformation about the UE's session time, speed, particular URLs to goto, specific traffic, and VPN traffic, etc. This policy information canbe used by the AP 1005 and/or the WSG 1022 to control any or all aspectsof the UE's communications (for example, a policy may limit the speedthat a particular UE is permitted to operate). In some embodiments, oneor more of these policy rules can be communicated to and implemented inthe AP 1005. This can, for example, reduce the amount processingrequired for implementing such rules from the WSG 1012. In someembodiments, this can result in a linearly scaling of the number of UEsthat a WSG can support.

In some embodiments, an AP can perform packet tagging of thecommunications from the UE to the WSG 1022 based on a number ofdifferent factors, such as UE's status and type of traffic that thecommunication represents (one type of traffic, for example, could bevideo). The tagged communications can be handled by WSG's without theWSG having to make a determination of the type of traffic as it comesthrough the WSG, for example, by using a table which could be keyed offof the tag accompanying the traffic. For example, for a UE that needs tobe authenticated by Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for GSMSubscriber Identity Module (EAP-SIM) or EAP Transport Layer Security(EAP-TLS), the AP 1005 can handle the 802.1X/RADIUS authentications, andremember a client as being authenticated by EAP-SIM or EAP-TLS. Thetraffic from the US is tagged by the AP 1005 as been authenticated bycertain type, e.g., EAP-SIM. Upon receiving the packet tagged as beenauthenticated by EAP-SIM, the WSG 1022 can take appropriate action suchas relaying a DHCP discover request to a specific DHCP server or cause aGTP-U tunnel to be created without utilizing per UE determination in theWSG.

In some embodiments, policy rules obtained from a PCRF server (forexample, by Step 5 illustrated in FIG. 10), for can determine how thetraffic should be tagged. Similarly, per user policy rules may becommunicated to the APs 1012 and tagging can be handled by the AP, whichcan reduce or eliminate the need to maintain a per UE policy table atthe WSG 1022. In some embodiments, per class policies rules can beenforced at the WSG 1022.

The tagging mechanisms described herein can be used in the WSGarchitecture to forward other UE 1012 attributes in the packetforwarding path. One example of this use is for the AP 1012 to tag apacket with certain location information. This can provide an efficientway of dynamically relaying the UE 1012's location to the WSG 1022. TheWSG 1012 can utilize such location information to affect packetforwarding decisions as well as enabling other per UE targeted featureswhich could be based on location and/or traffic types. Traffic typeinformation can be available as a result of packet classification, isdescribed in more detail below.

In some embodiments, location information could be utilized, forexample, to provide one or more of the following, including but notlimited to, location based rate limiting, location based access control,location based valued added services, location based billing andcharging, location based advertisements.

Furthermore, location type information such as indicating a coffee shop,an airport, or other location indicating the origination of UE trafficcan be embedded in a location tag so that venue-based policy could beapplied to UE traffic from the same venue type. In some embodiments thewords venue and location are used interchangeably. One venue examplecould be that UEs in every Starbucks coffee shop in the city could enjoy30 minutes free Internet access.

FIG. 11 Fourth Authentication Alternate Embodiment: WISPr/TTG SeamlessIntegration

In some embodiments, the WSG can enable standard-based Web-basedauthentication to gain access to an MNO cellular network. The WSG canprovide IP address allocation, Web-based authentication, and forwardingtraffic to an MNO core network as illustrated in FIG. 11.

The Wireless Internet Service Provider: Roaming (WISPr) protocol canallow a Wi-Fi client can authenticate itself with a Web Portal page. TheWi-Fi client can first acquire its IP address via DHCP with or withoutgoing through 802.1X authentication over Wi-Fi. After obtaining an IPaddress, the client can start browsing a web page by sending HTTPrequest to its intended web server. The HTTP request is redirected byeither AP 1105 or WSG 1122 to a Web portal server 1110 in an MNO's corenetwork for authentication. The client can be presented with a Web pageto let user supply authentication information such as the user name,password, and other information. The authentication information suppliedby the US 1112 is forwarded to AP 1105 or WSG 1122. Then, AP 1105 or WSG1122 can send the authentication requests to an MNO's AAA server forauthentication. In some embodiments the WSG can act as a AAA Server forauthentication purposes.

Fourth Alternate Embodiment Continued: With Network Address Translation(NAT)

In some embodiments, the WSG can provide Network Address Translation(NAT) as illustrated in FIG. 11.

STEP 1 is labeled 1130 and shows communications between UE 1112 and WSG1122 via AP 1105. The UE's IP address can be provided by AP 1105 or WSG1122 using a standard DHCP protocol, for example.

STEP 2 is labeled 1131 and illustrates that UE 1112 attempts to use theDCHP-assigned IP address to access the Internet 1102 but the traffic isredirected to a Web Portal Server 1110 in MNO core network.

STEP 3 is labeled 1132 and indicates that the UE attempts toauthenticate with an authentication server 1150 in the MNO core networkvia WSG 1122. If a UE fails to be authenticated, the WSG can optionallyrevoke the DHCP lease to the client. In this embodiment, a GTP tunnel isnot required since the UE has failed the authentication.

STEP 4 is labeled 1133 indicates WSG 1020 establishing a data tunnel1170 with GGSN, Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW), or Home Agent (HA)1160 in MNO core network and acquiring an IP address for the client. WSG1122 can maintain a relationship between the UE's DHCP-assigned IPaddress and the UE's address assigned by a GGSN, PGW or HA 1160.Accordingly, the WSG 1122 can provide network address translationbetween the two.

STEP 5 is labeled 1134 and indicates that, upon receiving a packet fromUE 1112, WSG 1122 changes the source IP address of the packet to the IPaddress assigned by GGSN, PGW, or HA 1160, and encapsulates the packetin the data tunnel 1170 and forwards it to GGSN, PGW, or HA 1160. Thepacket can eventually go to the Internet 1102.

STEP 6 is labeled 1135 and indicates that, upon receiving of a packetfrom GGSN, PGW, or HA 1160, WSG 1122 decapsulates the packet, andreplaces the destination IP of the decapsulated packet with theDHCP-assigned IP address for the UE. WSG 1122 then sends thedecapsulated/replaced IP packet via AP 1105 to the UE.

FIG. 12 Fifth Alternate Authentication Example Embodiment: Without NAT

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment that does not include NAT at WSG. In someembodiments, fewer computations are required as compared to a NATimplementation.

STEP 1 is labeled 1230 and indicates that WSG 1222 receives a DHCPrequest from UE 1212 and can assign an IP address from an allocated setof IP addresses that can be properly recognized at a GGSN, PGW, or HA1260 in the MNO core network. In some embodiments, the WSG 1222 andserver 1260 agree on the set of IP addresses in advance. In someembodiments, the WSG 1222 and server 1260 agree on the set of IPaddresses when needed. The IP address assigned to the UE from theallocated set is sent to UE via the DHCP offer/acknowledge message. Insome embodiments, there can be more than on allocated set of IPaddresses, for example, each MNO may have a respective, allocated set ofIP addresses.

STEP 2 is labeled 1231 and indicates that the UE 1212 attempts to usethe assigned IP address to access Internet 1202 but the traffic isredirected to Web Portal Server 1210 in the MNO core network.

STEP 3 is labeled 1232 and indicates that UE 1212 attempts toauthenticate using authentication server 1250 in the MNO core networkvia WSG 1222. If a US 1212 fails to be authenticated, WSG 1222 canoptionally revoke the UE's DHCP lease.

STEP 4 is labeled 1233 and indicates that, after a UE 1212 isauthenticated, WSG 1222 can establish a data tunnel 1270 with a GGSN,PGW, or HA 1260, by informing the GGSN, PGW, or HA of the IP addressassigned to the UE 1212 by WSG 1222 from the allocated set, instead ofrequesting an IP address to be assigned by the GGSN, PGW or HA.

STEP 5 is labeled 1234 and indicates that, upon receiving a packet fromUE 1212, WSG 1222 can encapsulate the packet to send to a GGSN, PGW, orHA without changing the source IP address in the data packet.

STEP 6 is labeled 1235 and indicates that, upon receiving a packet froma GGSN, PGW, or HA, WSG decapsulates the packet and sends packet to theUE 1212 without changing destination IP address in the data packet.

FIG. 13 Application of Alternate Policy Handling

As mentioned earlier, according to some embodiments, a WSG can affectdata transmission using one or more MNO policies. FIG. 13 is an exampleillustration of a WSG's capability route data transmissions according toone or more policies. Some policy types can provide for handling oftraffic based on certain things, including but not limited to, one ormore of an the SSID, the traffic type, or UE information.

In this example embodiment, based on a particular SSID for example, theAP 1305 can transmit data from the UE 1312 over communication path to anetwork 1302 a or any kind of connection to the WSG 1322. The WSG 1322then contacts the appropriate wireless services core network 1332 overTTG communication path 1324 and through a network 1302 d to theappropriate cellular core network 1332 and an applicable GGSN 1330.Here, the policy server PCFR (note shown), the authentication server AAA(not shown) and the Data Service Gateway (not shown) for instance,communicate with the WSG 1322 regarding the particular UE 1312.

In some embodiments, the kind of traffic can result in certain, andpossibly different routes. For example, data traffic could be divided bySSIDs. Data traffic associated with a particular SSID could be routedthrough 1322 to an AP breakout to the internet 1302 b without having totravel through network 1302 d. In some embodiments, this can reduce theamount of traffic required to be transmitted through network 1302 d.This can be for particular kinds of transmissions according to aparticular SSID as dictated by the policy server and core network 1332for example, YouTube.com or Facebook.com that is not metered bypolicies. In some embodiments, this can be traffic which may bedetermined as not needed to be passed through the WSG for analysis orprocessing.

Another set of transmissions 1316 can be routed through the WSG 1322'sbreakout 1302 c without having to travel through network 1302 d. In someembodiments, this can reduce the amount of traffic required to betransmitted through network 1302 d. These decisions could be based upontraffic type, for example, heavier data usage, such as for video trafficon YouTube or Facebook, could be routed this way. Still a third set oftransmissions, could be routed through the cellular core network 1332and then 1318 to the internet 1302 e. In some embodiments, this could beanything not routed through the other two breakouts. In someembodiments, this can be traffic on which the MNO desires to provideenhanced services (non-limiting examples could include advertising, orpay-per-view or metered traffic at a higher cost). Thus, according tothe policies of the cellular core network, different transmissions typescan be handled according to different infrastructure capabilities andthe underlying policies on how to handle the different traffic.

To support differentiated services for various UE devices that areconnected to SSIDs, WSG 1322 can obtain one or more policies on how tohandle the traffic coming from and going to the UE devices based on oneor more of, including but limited to, the accessed SSID, the location ofthe UE device, the type of UE device, authentication results with a AAAserver, from a configuration of the WSG 1322, or from a PCRF server. Insome embodiment, a non-limiting example could be that a PCRF server maydictate that a UE's traffic should not exceed 10 Mbps toward the UEdevice, and should not exceed 1 Mbps toward a GGSN. In anothernon-limiting example, a PCRF could specify a policy requiring DeepPacket Inspection (DPI) by the WSG 1322 to restrict YouTube videotraffic to no more than 1 Mbps, and to be forwarded to local breakout1316 toward 1302 c. In yet another non-limiting example, a policy couldconstrain the bandwidth of client device by the usage such as less than1 Mbps if exceeding 2 GB in a month, for example. One or more policiescould be applied at a given time to more or more data streams.

In some embodiment, WSG 1322 can provide traffic breakdown statistics.Graphical representations such as a pie chart could be used as anexample to show UE breakdown usage according to what data wastransmitted where, such as to YouTube, SSID-A, Facebook, etc. Thisinformation may even be communicated from the WSG 1322 to a NetworkManagement Console for display and analysis.

FIG. 14 Example WSG Data Plane Architecture

Referring to FIG. 14, an example of the WSG Data Plane architecture isshown according to some embodiments. This non-limiting example caninclude several packet processing functions: AP Tunnel Handler (1411),Flow Tracking module (1412), Classification, DPI and Policy Rules module(1413), Forwarding module (1414), and Data Service Gateway (DSG) Handler(1415). The AP Tunnel Handler can serve as a tunnel endpoint for Type 1APs (1405) and Type 2 APs (1403), where each type of AP could be from adifferent AP vendor. In addition to carrying UE traffic, an AP tunnel(1406) packets could also include control information, or tags asdescribed above, to facilitate packet classification and forwarding atthe WSG 1422. The Flow Tracking module 1412 can track UE sessions (e.g.,TCP/IP) and flows. The Classification module 1413 can be responsible forclassifying and identifying UE traffic and service types, which in someembodiments can be associated with providing quality of servicefunctions (e.g., traffic types, bandwidth limitations, time of daypolicies, etc.), utilizing the control information (tags) from thetunneled packets as appropriate. Forwarding policies and rules can beapplied based on how the UE traffic is classified. Trafficclassification can be applied per flow-session. In some embodiments,classification of traffic is only determined on a limited number ofpackets in the beginning of a session. In some embodiments, the detailedanalysis processing for classifying traffic is not in the data path, andtherefore doesn't affect packet forwarding performance. The WSG DataPlane architecture is designed, in part, toward keeping packetprocessing time substantially or near-substantially constant regardlessof the amount of analysis and quality of service treatment needed.Additionally, future quality of service features could be added withminimal impact on the packet processing time.

In some embodiments, another feature of this type of implementationarchitecture is that the WSG data plane performance is linearly scalableto the underlying hardware CPU speed (that is, for example, additionalfeatures can be added without the requirement of faster hardwarecomponents for a given packet processing bandwidth). Through thisarchitecture, WSG can substantially reduce reliance on the performanceof the hardware to help with ACL lookup, DPI lookup, and many other QoSdecisions.

Data Plane Operations

FIG. 14 also illustrates an example of the WSG data plane operationaccording to some embodiments. As described above, policies can bedetermined and communicated to an AP 1405, during for example, UEauthentication (e.g., based on one or more of the UE, the traffic type,and so on). UE data packets that are to be handled by the WSG (thiswould exclude local breakout packets at the AP), are forwarded to theWSG via various tunnel protocols, including the non-limiting examples orGeneric Routing Encapsulation/User Datagram Protocol (GRE/UDP) (1406),QinQ (1407), and Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC). APs 1405 can tag onthe per UE service class and forwarding policies as control informationwhen sending the UE packet through the tunnel 1406 to the WSG 1422. Onreceipt of these encapsulated packets at the WSG 1422, the packet isstripped of the tunnel-header encapsulation, and decrypted back to theoriginal UE packet.

The packets can then be subjected to various processing at the WSG 1422including classification based on one or more policy rules and DeepPacket Inspection (DPI) (1413). Policy enforcement can include filtering(ACL) and quality of service (QoS) treatment (such as rate limiting,traffic equalization) can then be applied at Forwarding module (1414).The forwarding decisions (for example, to where the WSG should send thedata packet next) can be determined based on classification results andpolicies. In some embodiment, the next forwarding location could be, forexample, a data service gateway (such as GGSN) (1422), a Home Agent (forPMIP traffic) (1424), optionally via tunnel 1427, or break out to theInternet at the WSG (1402). In some cases, the packet may need to beencapsulated depending on the requirement of the next hop gateway. Forexample, if the next hop gateway is GGSN 1422, the packet can be GPRSTunneling Protocol (GTP) encapsulated (1426). In some embodiments of theWSG data plane architecture in FIG. 14, the latency of a packet goingthrough the system can remain constant regardless the number of QoSand/or policy treatments applied to a packet. An feature of thisarchitecture is that, in comparison to other data plane architecture,WSG data plane performance can be linearly scalable to the underlyinghardware speed.

FIG. 15 Data Plane Examples, Detailed Packet Handling in the WSG DataPlane

FIG. 15 illustrates examples of detailed packet handling in the WSG DataPlane according to some embodiments. Flow 1502 generally illustratespacket processing steps through the WSG as described above where thetext description in the boxes in flow 1502 correspond roughly to theactivities performed in the like numbered boxes of FIG. 14. Flow 1504generally illustrates in more detail Flow 1502.

For traffic coming into the WSG, packets can be received from an AP in aGRE tunnel, including a GRE header and an inner packet (that is, theactual UE packet). The inner UE packet can be encrypted if encryption isused. Once the inner UE packet is retrieved (and decrypted if necessary)by the AP Tunnel Handler 1411, a flow key can be prepared from theinternal UE packet header by Flow Tracking module 1412. The key can beany combination of source MAC, source IP address, destination IPaddress, IP protocol value (e.g. TCP/UDP), layer 4 source port, layer 4destination port, etc. Layer level generally refers to the 7-layer opensystem interconnect description of network functionality. The key can beused to find a hash entry, for example by hashing the key and using thehashed value to do a table look up in a data structure, that has therecorded in it UE information (including forwarding rules, serviceclass, specific network port etc.) by the Flow Tracking module 1412 (seeFlow 1504, box 1506), such that the UE packet can be processed (see box1508) and transmitted out of WSG directly and quickly by the DSG Handler1415 (see box 1510). In some embodiments, a flow can be considered astream of data which can be identified by a source IP address,destination IP address, IP protocol value (e.g. TCP/UDP), layer 4 sourceport, layer 4 destination port, for example. In some embodiments, aconnection can be comprised of multiple flows. A single UE can initiateor cause to be initiated multiple flows. Each flow can be associatedwith a same or different traffic type.

If a hash entry is not found, then an entry will be added by FlowTracking module (1412) to the flow table (see flow 1512, box 1512). Theinner packet's egress information (for example, a network output port ofthe WSG) is determined via a bridge table output operation (for example,via a layer 2 port lookup) and transmitted by DSG Handler 1415 throughthe applicable output port. The network port information can be storedinto the hash entry in the flow table for later use. In this embodiment,a next inner packet received by the WSG having the hash key can have theegress path information in the entry in the flow table when looked up byDSG Handler 1415.

A lookup can then be made on the UE in a UE table (see box 1514), if theUE has an entry in the table then detailed processing of the packet andtable updates (e.g., the flow table and/or the UE table) can occur (seebox 1516). If on the other hand, a UE lookup does not find an entry inthe UE table, then an entry to the UE table can be made (see box 1518),the WSG can obtain the policies from MNO that can be applied to the UEand update entries in the flow table and/or UE tables to reflect thosepolicies (see box 1520)

The following describes exemplary detailed processing for a packet whichcould be performed, for example, in box 1516. Data packets can bereceived either in a tunnel or non-tunnel format, and a destination MAClookup can be performed to determine an egress GRE tunnel by AP TunnelHandler 1411 A route table lookup can be performed to get the next hopinformation for preparing a GRE header. An ARP table is can be queriedup to get an associated MAC address for the GRE header as well. Once theGRE header is prepared on top of the raw IP packet, the packet can besend out the applicable egress port. During these packet processingsteps, classification, QoS, access control list processing, policy,forwarding decision results can be recorded to the UE flow table entryalong with other steps as desired. Specifically, when a raw IP packet isreceived, the flow hash key can be quickly prepared from the internalpacket header. Like previously described, the key can be any combinationof destination MAC, source IP address, destination IP address, protocolvalue, layer 4 source port, destination port, etc. This key can be usedto find a hash entry that has the recorded egress path information(e.g., the network output port of the WSG), such that the raw IP packetcan be encapsulated with the appropriate GRE header and encrypted (ifdesired) and transmitted to the egress port directly and quickly (see,for example, box 1508). The egress path information can be updated inthe flow tables for use in processing subsequent packets.

Accordingly, the normal path for a first packet in a flow if along the“not found” path form the box 1506, with all forwarding decisions andtable lookup results of the 1^(st) packet being recorded in the UE andflow tables. For subsequent packets in each data flow, the processingsteps will be much simpler: find the flow entry from the key (1506),perform processing on the flow according to the flow table entry (1508)(which might also include applying QoS markings), and then encapsulatethe packet based on the information in the flow table entry and send thepacket directly to egress interface (1510). Of course, a decision couldbe made to drop a packet in box 1508 and then box 1510 would not beperformed.

FIG. 16 Scalability Examples

FIG. 16 is an example illustration of the scalability of the WirelessServices Gateway system according to some embodiments. This is depictedby showing representative wireless connections 1640 between UEs 1612 andaccess points 1605. The APs 1605 are depicted as many radios to indicatethat many of them can be assigned to communicate with just one WSG 1622over communication path 1630. Any AP can be used here, for example.Although only one 1630 is illustrated, other connections 1630 could bemade to various WSG 1622 s.

An example scalability embodiment of the system is depicted in FIG. 16by showing numerous WSGs 1622 with their associated distributeddatabases 1608. These WSGs can form a “cluster” over the distributeddatabase, thereby allowing for redundancy and fail-safe operations. Oneexample of a distributed database that can be used is a Cassandradistributed database system.

Each WSG 1622 can be assigned to communicate with one or many accesspoints 1605. Many WSGs 1622 can be assigned within the network tocompound the number of access points that are can be used. Thetelecommunications core network 1606 is depicted connecting the WSGs1622, and the overall Radio Access Network (RAN) with the internet 1602.In some embodiments the Radio Access Network can encompass all of theaccess points 1605, the WSGs 1622 and their associated distributeddatabases 1608 along with all of the other radio access networkconnections 1630.

The WSGs 1622 and the distributed database 1608 can be customized tosupport mobile operator needs. There may be requirements, for example,to support large volume of statistics, events, report generation, andmonitoring requirement. The demands of supporting higher capacity overtime can mean that the overall system should scale well in supportinginitial small scale deployment, and an eventual large scale deployment(with 10 s to 1000 s times of increasing volume) over a period of time.

The management of WSGs 1622 can also run the management of the entirecluster of WSGs P22 by permitting a user to log into one of the WSGs1622, and have the ability to configure, monitor, and manage the entirecluster of WSGs 1622 and the associated APs 1605.

A linear scalability of WSG 1622 can be due to various factors that candistribute loads of the overall system evenly or as desired ontoavailable resources to perform such activities such as storage,management, control, and packet processing. The distributed database1608 can allow APs 1605 and WSGs 1622 to store configurationinformation, events, statistics, logs, and many other information intothe storage in a distributed manner, in particular, each AP 1605 canreceive configuration information and reports statistics/events viaassociated WSGs 1622. When reading from and writing to the distributeddatabase 1608, the requests can be distributed among the distributeddatabase 1608 based on the underlying algorithms.

For example, a Cassandra Database can an example of a distributeddatabase 1608. The distributed database can be any distributed databaseincluding Cassandra or NoSQL as non-limiting examples. The database 1608can be partitioned into tables (or column families using Cassandra'sterminology). Each table may contain multiple rows, and each row maycontain a set of columns and associated values. Given a column family,the column name and other attributes, a distributed hashing algorithmcan be used to determine which instance of the distributed database 1608should be written to and read from. This distributed hashing algorithmcan allow the Cassandra Database to be linearly scalable in retrievingand updating any information in the WSG's distributed database.

The WSGs 1622 can communicate among one another using paths 1644 tofacilitate the communication of the distributed database 1608.

The distributed nature of WSG 1622 s can support inherent resilience andredundancy. APs 1605 can select among multiple WSGs 1622 to be managedand forward traffic with links 1630. A failed link 1630 or a WSG 1622may not impede the service of APs 1605 to client devices 1612 becauseAPs 1605 can select other links 1630 or other WSGs 1622 to continuenormal services to client devices 1612. Furthermore, the distributeddatabase 1608 can allow WSGs 1622 to have a same or similar view of theentire network, that is, WSGs 1622 can share the same configurationinformation, statistic, events, logs, etc. To prevent failure of anyinstance of the distributed database 1608, the distributed database cansupport replication of the same piece of information onto multipledatabases 1608. Since each piece of information can be stored inmultiple instances of 1608, the overall system can naturally supportredundancy against either node (e.g., WSG 1622 or some instance ofdistributed database 1608) or link (e.g., 1644 or 1630) failure.

The example WSGs 1622 here can collapse a traditional 3-tierarchitecture into a 2-tier one. In particular, the traditional 3-tierarchitecture consists of (1) APs 1605, (2) one or multiple controllers,and gateway functions, where the controllers perform management andcontrol functions of APs 1605, and (3) the gateways support packetprocessing/integration with other equipment such as GGSN, Router, etc.The WSGs 1622 can support both controllers and gateway functions,removing the need for that specific tier.

The WSG embodiments herein can include both element management functionsand network management functions in the same entity, which can allow theoperators to support management of the entire network of APs and WSGsfrom single Web or command line (CLI) interface on a terminal.

The distributed database 1608 can also be implemented with cache memoryto speed up overall system performance. For example, in someembodiments, Memcached can be employed in conjunction or to replace adisk-based storage (e.g., Cassandra Database) in the WSGs 1622.

APs 1605 can support local 802.11 handshake with UEs 1612, instead ofutilizing a controller in a conventional AP 1605 plus controllerenvironment. APs 1605 can update the WSGs 1622 when a UE 1612 isauthorized, dis-associated, or other status updates as desired. The802.11 handshake may also involve 802.1X. APs 1605 can locally perform802.1X functions to authenticate a UE 1612 based on its credential (suchas user name/password or physical device like SIM card).

To avoid excessive 802.1X processing, WPA and WPA2 standards havedefined PMK scheme to verify whether UE 1612 have been previouslyauthenticated, by exchanging the PMK credentials agreed among APs 1605and UE 1612 in the earlier successful 802.1X authentication. The APs1605 can update WSGs 1622 with the PMK credentials such that thesecredentials can be retrieved when UE 1612 move to different APs.Therefore, roaming among multiple APs 1605 can be effectively supportedwith APs 1605 and WSGs 1622.

The local 802.11 handshake capability of APs 1605 can allow the WSGs1622 to increase the support of a much higher number of APs compared toa conventional controller.

APs 1605 can maintain a state machine of each locally visible UE P12,including, but not limited to, for example, whether a client has beenauthenticated, under authentication processing, dis-associated, thenumber of packets that have been sent and received. A conventionalcontroller handles most of these state machines of client devices, whichcan negatively affect scalability.

The example where APs 1605 can maintain the state machines of each UElocally, the communication between APs and WSGs may be reduced. Theresult may affect performance and scalability in the overall network.

Communication (such as control, management, and data traffic) betweenAPs and WSGs can be secured by authentication with credentials andencryption against spoofing. The management interfaces to WSGs can bephysically isolated completely with dedicated physical interfaces orutilize Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). The access to WSGs managementinterface can also secured by user credentials and can be encrypted.

The traffic of UEs can be routed or bridged onto local networks. Thetraffic can also be bridged into tunnels 1630 between APs 1605 and WSGs1622. If tunnels 1630 are utilized, they can be optionally encrypted.

WSGs can seamlessly integrate with the 3G/EPS Core by supportingstandard interfaces such as Gn and S2a/S2b interfaces toward GGSN andP-GW, respectively. WSGs can also be integrated with Routers, Switches,Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS), and other possible networkelements with protocols such as MPLS, L2TP, 16PoE, and many otherpossible choices.

WSGs 1622 can support standard-based routing and tunneling mechanismwith other network elements. This can allow seamless integration withother network elements.

The tunnels between WSGs and APs can extend standard-based protocols tosupport specific features to enable efficient processing of UE traffic,for a non-limiting examples, an indication of a packet's WLAN of a UE,the type of traffic to be processed at WSGs and APs.

APs 1605 can support 802.1x authentication mechanisms as defined in thestandard. To integrate with 3G and 4G network, one example choice of802.1x could utilize EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, EAP-AKA′, or EAP-TLS as theauthentication mechanism.

Still referring to FIG. 16, the WSG system can include a collection ofWSGs 1622 joining together to form a cluster, providing ElementManagement System (EMS) and Network Management System (NMS) services tomanage a massive number of APs 1605. The WSG system can scalehorizontally by adding additional WSG nodes into the cluster.

WSG nodes can contain one or more Data Plane/s, the communicationservice module, as well as the EMS/NMS module to manage all the Wi-FiAccess Points discovered and associated with the system. Multiple WSGnodes can form a cluster, that virtually serves the network elements(Wi-Fi Access Points) as a single system.

APs 1605 can be distributed among multiple WSG nodes in a desiredfashion, for example, evenly. Each approved AP 1605 can be associatedwith a preferred WSG 1622, and can attempt to communicate with this samenode whenever possible. Each AP 1605 can also maintain a list of WSGs1622, and can communicate to a different WSG when one fails tocommunicate with its assigned node. Data Planes can also communicatewith WSG nodes through the communication service module.

FIG. 17 Scalability Examples

FIG. 17 is an another example illustration of the scalability of theWireless Services Gateway system according to some embodiments. The WSGcan include a number of processors which can include one or moreprocessing cores in which processing can occur. In some embodiments, theWSG can be implemented on a blade server and the blade server caninclude any number of core processing units. Generally, in a multi-core,multi-processor environment, there are inherent overhead processingtimes required to deal with locking when common data structures arebeing updated by the various processors and/or cores. This couldintroduce packet forwarding delays when the data path requires updatesto common data structure and has to block access to the common datastructure. These delays can get progressively worse as the number ofmulti-processing units increases and/or the number of additionalservices or features to applied to the data paths increase.

In WSG's multi-core packet forwarding paths, this would have an impactin some tracking/policy enforcement function (e.g. rate control,bandwidth limiting, etc.). For example, per application (e.g. “youtube”traffic limit) rate-control functionality would require per-applicationrate updates. However, this can span multiple UE's with youtube trafficpackets from different UE's being processed on different processorcores. What that implies is that each core would need to update the“youtube” packet counter and perform rate update calculations as“youtube” packets are being processed. That involves locking thecounter(s) for update and potentially blocking other “youtube” packetsbeing processed on a different core.

To achieve linear or near linear scalability, the WSG architecture caneliminate the requirement for locking any common data structures in thedata path. All processing that requires updates to common structures(e.g. “youtube” rate counters and calculations) can be handled in thebackground utilizing one or more independent “control” cores.

In the “youtube” example, per flow counters can updated in the packetprocessing path. No locking is required since the system can determinethat each UE flow is only handled by one processor. The rate-controlfunction running in the control core(s) calculates and updates theoverall “youtube” rate counters (as well as UE and other aggregatecounters) based on the per flow rate updates.

Utilizing the latest rate information, rate control and other policydecisions are updated and stored in the flow and UE tables. For example,if it is determined that the rate limit for the time period has beenexceeded, the forwarding decision in the flow entry can be updated todrop packets for that flow.

Similarly, a policy decision could be updated to apply certain QOSmarkings to the packets in the flow, which would also be stored in theflow (and/or UE) entry.

This can be illustrated using FIG. 17. Each data processing core 1702can be a core that processes one or more flows. In some embodiments, aflow can be processed by the same core as described above to facilitateper flow locking of data relating to a single flow. During eachprocessing, as described in more detail above, the basic processingoccurs: a packet is received at the WSG (1411), a flow entry is lookedup and the packet is processed according to the flow entry information(1412) and the packet is output (1415). These datapath steps, whichtranslate to latency through the WSG, can be constant and scale to thenumber of processor cores available.

One or more control cores 1704 can be utilized such that the controlcores can be used to lock and update common data structures used withmultiple flows. For example, a control core 1704 can count and updatecounters associated with determining rates of traffic for various typeof traffic (e.g., per traffic type, per UE, or any counter expressing adata rate) (see box 1706). This could be used for example, to controlthe rate or bandwidth for a single UE that has multiple flows spread outover a number of data cores 1702. A control core 1704 can perform grouprate calculations (see box 1708) by for example, determining ratesassociated with various way to group data. For example, a group could bedefined as a type of UE, a type of traffic across UEs, or otherinformation that might be desired by the policies. Any number ofdifferent groups can be configured. The control core 1704 can thenupdate any flow entry or UE entry to reflect any changes determined in1706 or 1708. Items 1706 and 1708 are illustrative of the types ofoperations that can be performed in a control core 1704. Any operationsthat use counters, or common data structures to implement desiredpolicies can be performed in a control core 1704 without affecting thebasic data packet flow in a data core 1702.

Additional data cores 1702 can be added which can improve the number offlows which can be processed simultaneously without adding to thecomplexity of the control core's use of the shared data structures. Asdescribed more generally above, the shared data structures, flowstables, UE and the like can be stored in one or more of the DistributedStorage Device 432 and Distributed Memory Cache 434.

CONCLUSION

While the subject matter has been described in connection with a seriesof preferred embodiments, these descriptions are not intended to limitthe scope of the subject matter to the particular forms set forthherein. To the contrary, the present descriptions are intended to coversuch alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be includedwithin the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by theappended claims and otherwise appreciate by one of ordinary skill in theart.

As disclosed herein, features consistent with the present inventions maybe implemented via computer-hardware, software and/or firmware. Forexample, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be embodied invarious forms including, for example, a data processor, such as acomputer that also includes a database, digital electronic circuitry,firmware, software, computer networks, servers, or in combinations ofthem. Further, while some of the disclosed implementations describespecific hardware components, systems and methods consistent with theinnovations herein may be implemented with any combination of hardware,software and/or firmware. Moreover, the above-noted features and otheraspects and principles of the innovations herein may be implemented invarious environments. Such environments and related applications may bespecially constructed for performing the various routines, processesand/or operations according to the invention or they may include ageneral-purpose computer or computing platform selectively activated orreconfigured by code to provide the necessary functionality. Theprocesses disclosed herein are not inherently related to any particularcomputer, network, architecture, environment, or other apparatus, andmay be implemented by a suitable combination of hardware, software,and/or firmware. For example, various general-purpose machines may beused with programs written in accordance with teachings of theinvention, or it may be more convenient to construct a specializedapparatus or system to perform the required methods and techniques.

Aspects of the method and system described herein, such as the logic,may be implemented as functionality programmed into any of a variety ofcircuitry, including programmable logic devices (“PLDs”), such as fieldprogrammable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), programmable array logic (“PAL”)devices, electrically programmable logic and memory devices and standardcell-based devices, as well as application specific integrated circuits.Some other possibilities for implementing aspects include: memorydevices, microcontrollers with memory (such as EEPROM), embeddedmicroprocessors, firmware, software, etc. Furthermore, aspects may beembodied in microprocessors having software-based circuit emulation,discrete logic (sequential and combinatorial), custom devices, fuzzy(neural) logic, quantum devices, and hybrids of any of the above devicetypes. The underlying device technologies may be provided in a varietyof component types, e.g., metal-oxide semiconductor field-effecttransistor (“MOSFET”) technologies like complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (“CMOS”), bipolar technologies like emitter-coupled logic(“ECL”), polymer technologies (e.g., silicon-conjugated polymer andmetal-conjugated polymer-metal structures), mixed analog and digital,and so on.

It should also be noted that the various logic and/or functionsdisclosed herein may be enabled using any number of combinations ofhardware, firmware, and/or as data and/or instructions embodied invarious machine-readable or computer-readable media, in terms of theirbehavioral, register transfer, logic component, and/or othercharacteristics. Computer-readable media in which such formatted dataand/or instructions may be embodied include, but are not limited to,non-volatile storage media in various forms (e.g., optical, magnetic orsemiconductor storage media) and carrier waves that may be used totransfer such formatted data and/or instructions through wireless,optical, or wired signaling media or any combination thereof. Examplesof transfers of such formatted data and/or instructions by carrier wavesinclude, but are not limited to, transfers (uploads, downloads, e-mail,etc.) over the Internet and/or other computer networks via one or moredata transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and so on).

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of “including,but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number alsoinclude the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, thewords “herein,” “hereunder,” “above,” “below,” and words of similarimport refer to this application as a whole and not to any particularportions of this application. When the word “or” is used in reference toa list of two or more items, that word covers all of the followinginterpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of theitems in the list and any combination of the items in the list.

Although certain presently preferred implementations of the inventionhave been specifically described herein, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art to which the invention pertains that variations andmodifications of the various implementations shown and described hereinmay be made without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limitedonly to the extent required by the applicable rules of law.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention andvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A wireless services gateway, comprising: aninterface circuit configured to communicate with an access point andwireless user equipment; wherein the wireless services gateway isconfigured to: receive, from an input node of the interface circuit, atagged packet associated with the access point, wherein the taggedpacket comprises a tag that indicates that the wireless user equipmenthas been authenticated using non-subscriber identification module (SIM)authentication, and wherein the tagged packet comprises a Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) request associated with wireless userequipment; responsively to the DHCP request, either: assign an InternetProtocol (IP) address to the wireless user equipment; or provide, to anoutput node of the interface circuit, the tagged packet intended for aDHCP server, and receive, at the input node, a DHCP response with theassigned IP address; and provide, to an output node of the interfacecircuit, a DHCP offer/acknowledge message with the assigned IP addressintended for the wireless user equipment.
 22. The wireless servicesgateway of claim 21, wherein the wireless services gateway is furtherconfigured to establish a tunnel without a per wireless-user-equipmentdetermination.
 23. The wireless services gateway of claim 22, whereinthe wireless services gateway is further configured to: establish thetunnel by communicating, to the output node and from the input node,tunnel packets associated with a data service gateway, wherein thetunnel packets comprise the assigned IP address; receive, from the inputnode, a data packet associated with the wireless user equipment;encapsulate the data packet, wherein the encapsulating leaves the IPaddress in the data packet unchanged; and provide, via the output node,the encapsulated packet intended for the data service gateway.
 24. Thewireless services gateway of claim 21, wherein the wireless servicesgateway is further configured to assign the IP address from apre-allocated set of IP addresses associated with a wireless servicesprovider network.
 25. The wireless services gateway of claim 21, whereinthe wireless services gateway is further configured to: receive, fromthe input node, data packets associated with the wireless userequipment; and route the data packets to at least a wide area network bya breakout, wherein the breakout comprises at least one of: a breakoutbetween the access point and the wireless services gateway; a breakoutat the wireless services gateway; a breakout between the wirelessservices gateway and at least the wireless service provider network; anda breakout after the wireless service provider network.
 26. The wirelessservices gateway of claim 21, wherein the authentication is based atleast in part on: a type of traffic associated with the wireless userequipment; or a status of the wireless user equipment.
 27. The wirelessservices gateway of claim 21, wherein the wireless services gateway isfurther configured to determine a type of traffic associated with thewireless user equipment based at least in part on a look-up table andthe tag.
 28. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for usein conjunction with a wireless services gateway, the computer-readablestorage medium storing program instructions for providing an InternetProtocol (IP) address, wherein, when executed by the wireless servicesgateway, the program instructions cause the wireless services gateway toperform operations comprising: receiving a tagged packet associated withthe access point, wherein the tagged packet comprises a tag thatindicates that the wireless user equipment has been authenticated usingnon-subscriber identification module (SIM) authentication, and whereinthe tagged packet comprises a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)request associated with wireless user equipment; performing,responsively to the DHCP request, one of: assigning the IP address tothe wireless user equipment; or providing the tagged packet intended fora DHCP server, and receiving a DHCP response with the assigned IPaddress; and providing a DHCP offer/acknowledge message with theassigned IP address intended for the wireless user equipment.
 29. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, theoperations further comprising: establishing a tunnel without a perwireless-user-equipment determination.
 30. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 29, the operations furthercomprising: establishing the tunnel by communicating tunnel packetsassociated with a data service gateway, wherein the tunnel packetscomprise the assigned IP address; receiving a data packet associatedwith the wireless user equipment; encapsulating the data packet, whereinthe encapsulating leaves the IP address in the data packet unchanged;and providing the encapsulated packet intended for the data servicegateway.
 31. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 28, the operations further comprising: assigning the IP addressfrom a pre-allocated set of IP addresses associated with a wirelessservices provider network.
 32. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 28, wherein the authentication is based at leastin part on: a type of traffic associated with the wireless userequipment; or a status of the wireless user equipment.
 33. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 28, theoperations further comprising: determining a type of traffic associatedwith the wireless user equipment based at least in part on a look-uptable and the tag.
 34. A method for providing an Internet Protocol (IP)address, the method comprising: by a wireless services gateway:receiving a tagged packet associated with the access point, wherein thetagged packet comprises a tag that indicates that the wireless userequipment has been authenticated using non-subscriber identificationmodule (SIM) authentication, and wherein the tagged packet comprises aDynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) request associated withwireless user equipment; performing, responsively to the DHCP request,one of: assigning the IP address to the wireless user equipment; andproviding the tagged packet intended for a DHCP server, and receiving aDHCP response with the assigned IP address; and providing a DHCPoffer/acknowledge message with the assigned IP address intended for thewireless user equipment.
 35. The method of claim 34, the method furthercomprising: establishing a tunnel without a per wireless-user-equipmentdetermination.
 36. The method of claim 35, the method furthercomprising: establishing the tunnel by communicating tunnel packetsassociated with a data service gateway, wherein the tunnel packetscomprise the assigned IP address; receiving a data packet associatedwith the wireless user equipment; encapsulating the data packet, whereinthe encapsulating leaves the IP address in the data packet unchanged;and providing the encapsulated packet intended for the data servicegateway.
 37. The method of claim 34, the method further comprising:assigning the IP address from a pre-allocated set of IP addresses. 38.The method of claim 34, wherein the authentication is based at least inpart on one of: a type of traffic associated with the wireless userequipment; and a status of the wireless user equipment.
 39. The methodof claim 34, the method further comprising: receiving data packetsassociated with the wireless user equipment; and routing the datapackets to at least a wide area network by a breakout, wherein thebreakout comprises at least one of: a breakout between the access pointand the wireless services gateway; a breakout at the wireless servicesgateway; a breakout between the wireless services gateway and at leastthe wireless service provider network; and a breakout after the wirelessservice provider network.
 40. The method of claim 34, the method furthercomprising: determining a type of traffic associated with the wirelessuser equipment based at least in part on a look-up table and the tag.